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Waibaidu Bridge
The Waibaidu Bridge (), called the Garden Bridge in English, is the first all-steel bridge,〔"The Preservation and Renovation of Waibaidu Bridge,"''WHITR-AP (Shanghai) NEWSLETTER'' 9 (March 2009):4.; http://whitr-ap.org/download/Newsletter%209.pdf〕 and the only surviving example of a camelback truss bridge, in China. The fourth Western-designed bridge built at its location since 1856, in the downstream of the estuary of the Suzhou Creek, near its confluence with the Huangpu River, adjacent to the Bund in central Shanghai, connecting the Huangpu and Hongkou districts, the present bridge was opened on 20 January 1908. With its rich history and unique design the Waibaidu Bridge is one of the symbols of Shanghai.〔Hanchao Lu, ''Beyond the Neon Lights: Everyday Shanghai in the Early Twentieth Century'' (University of California Press, 2004):42.〕 Its modern and industrial image may be regarded as the city's landmark bridge. On 15 February 1994 the Shanghai Municipal Government declared the bridge an example of Heritage Architecture, and one of the outstanding structures in Shanghai.〔http://www.medop.com.cn/supesite/?action-viewthread-tid-36〕 In an ever-changing metropolis, the Waibaidu Bridge still remains a popular attraction, and one of the few constants in the city skyline.
==Etymology==
There is considerable debate about the exact meaning of ''Waibaidu'' (外白渡), the name given to the wooden bridge erected by the Shanghai Municipal Council in 1873. According to one source, "The upper stream of any river was called li 裡 (internal, inside); the lower stream was called “wai”."〔"The Shanghai Bund: A History through Visual Sources"; http://www.virtualshanghai.net/GetFile.php?Table=Article&ID=Article.ID.34.No.0&Op=S〕 Xue Liyong (薛理勇), indicates in his book on the history of the Bund:
In several cases, the Chinese used the terms li 裡 (internal) and wai 外 (external) to indicate the greater (nei) or lesser (wai) degree of proximity of a location. There was even an intermediate degree with the use of zhong 中 (middle) for places located between these two extremes. There remains several place names in Shanghai that are linked to this practice. The Chinese name of the Garden Bridge – waibaidu qiao 外白渡橋 – is such a case. The name makes sense only in relation with another bridge called libaidu qiao 裡白渡橋 that was located further inside the Soochow Creek, whereas the Garden Bridge was located at the mouth of the creek where it merges into the Huangpu river.〔Xue Liyong 薛理勇, ''Waitan de lishi he jianzhu 外滩的历史和建筑'' (and construction of the Bund ), (Shanghai, Shanghai shehui kexueyuan chubanshe, 2002):2; referenced in "The Shanghai Bund: A History through Visual Sources"; http://www.virtualshanghai.net/GetFile.php?Table=Article&ID=Article.ID.34.No.0&Op=S〕
Another source indicates that in Shanghainese, ''waibaidu'' means passing through the bridge without paying.〔''Sino-Corrugated China 2007 Website Using'' (January 2007):1; http://www.sino-corrugated.com/09/Upload/20071101842577413.pdf〕 Because there was no longer any toll collected to cross the bridge, it began to be called Waibaidu, but "whereas the old name meant 'foreigners/outer ferry crossing bridge' the character bai was changed to a homophonic that altered the meaning to 'outer free crossing bridge'".〔"History of Bridges Crossing Over Suzhou Creek: Connecting the Past with the Future", 32-34; http://www.swisscham.org/common/upload/publications/2001/TheBridgeNr1part2.pdf〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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